The European Journal of Humour Research

Vol 11, No 2 (2023)

Contemporary political satirists: unlikely prophets?

Jacob De Bruyn

Abstract

The conventional understanding of the church’s prophetic witness is that it is founded on the prophets portrayed in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. They communicated God’s message in relation to various issues such as religious practices and loyalty to God, but also, importantly, criticism and denunciation of political and social injustice. Satirical shows, in this study, refer to the satirical news components of TV late-night talk shows, as well as internet based satirical socio-political shows, where satirical commentary forms the common thread with prophetic witness, namely the indictment of political and social wrongdoing. Specific shows referred to in this study are The Daily Show with Trevor Noah, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, Honest Government Ad, and Jonathan Pie. The angle of this paper differs from other studies in that it does not look at Christian/religious themes specifically, rather any issue warranting a prophetic voice, but which is often absent. The challenge addressed in this article is to see if a link between contemporary political satire and prophetic witness can be justified theologically. A cursory overview on satire in the book of Jonah as the most comprehensive representation of the genre within the prophets is done, as well as a discussion on possible prophetic themes and examples in a selection of political satire programmes. The study concludes that, while political satirists are not prophets, when interpreted in the context of God’s kingdom, they do at times speak prophetically.

References

Ackerman, J. S. (1987). Jonah. In R. Alter & F. Kermode (Eds.), The literary guide to the Bible (pp. 234-243). The Belknap Press of Harvard University.

Band, A. J. (1990). Swallowing Jonah: The eclipse of parody. Prooftexts, 10(2), 177-195.

Baumgartner, J. C., & Lockerbie, B. (2018). Maybe it is more than a joke: Satire, mobilization, and political participation. Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell), 99(3), 1060-1074. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12501.

Bedford-Strohm, H. (2010). Prophetic witness and public discourse in European societies – a German perspective. HTS Theological Studies, 66(1), 1-6. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/49836.

Bendix, T. (2019, August 6). Late night gets serious about mass shootings. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/06/arts/television/late-night-el-paso-dayton.html.

Biddle, M. E. (2013). A time to laugh: Humor in the Bible. Smyth & Helwys Publishing.

Birch, B. C., Brueggemann, W., Fretheim, T. E., & Petersen, D. L. (2005). A theological introduction to the Old Testament (pp. 312-336). Abingdon Press.

Boucher, E. (2019, December 13). The dangers of depicting Greta Thunberg as a prophet. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/the-dangers-of-depicting-greta-thunberg-as-a-prophet-128813.

Bridge, S. L. (2009). Getting the Old Testament: What it meant to them, what it means for us.

Hendrickson Publishers. https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463234904-092.

Britannica. (2018). Parody. Britannica. Retrieved December 26, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/art/parody-literature.

Brueggemann, W. (1997). Theology of the Old Testament: Testimony, dispute, advocacy. Fortress Press.

Brueggemann, W. (2018). The prophetic imagination. Fortress Press.

Cilliers, J. (2015). Where have all the prophets gone? Perspectives on political preaching. Stellenbosch Theological Journal, 1(2), 367-383. http://dx.doi.org/10.17570/STJ.2015.V1N2.A17.

Collins Dictionary. (2022). Parody. Collins Dictionary. Harper Collins Publishers. Retrieved

December 26, 2022, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/parody.

Cook, S. D. (2019). “Who knows?” Reading the book of Jonah as a satirical challenge to theodicy of the exile. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Sydney].

Cook, S.D. (2020, March 27). Jonah, parody and satire: The Bible in conversation with itself [Paper]. The Fellowship of Biblical Studies, Australia. https://www.academia.edu/42854189/Jonah_parody_and_satire_the_Bible_in_conversation_with_itself.

De Bruyn, J. J. (2013). The office of prophets as an emergency measure. In die Skriflig/In Luce Verbi, 47(1), 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ids.v47i1.673.

De Gruchy, J. W. (2007). Public theology as Christian witness: Exploring the genre. International Journal of Public Theology, 1(1), 26-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156973207X194466.

De Gruchy, J. W. (2016). Kairos moments and prophetic witness: Towards a prophetic

ecclesiology. HTS Theological Studies, 72(4), 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v72i4.3414.

DeClercq, D. (2018). A definition of satire (and why a definition matters). The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 76(3), 319-330. https://doi.org/10.1111/jaac.12563.

Edgerly, S. & Vraga, E. K. (2019). News, entertainment, or both? Exploring audience perceptions of media genre in a hybrid media environment. Journalism, 20(6), 807-826. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917730709.

Elliott, R. C. (2022). Satire. Britannica. Retrieved December 22, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/art/satire.

Fortein, E. A. (2019). Where have all the prophets gone? URSCA 25 years later: Re-acquainting with prophetic theology in post-apartheid South Africa. Studia Historiae Ecclessiasticae, 45(3), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/6226.

Fox, J. R., & Steinberg, E. (2020). News you can’t use: Jon Stewart’s Daily Show media critiques. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 97(1), 235-256. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019851228.

Frolov, S. (1999). Returning the ticket: God and his prophet in the book of Jonah. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, 24(86), 85-105. https://doi.org/10.1177/030908929902408605.

Gimbel, S. (2018). Isn’t that clever: A philosophical account of humour and comedy. Routledge.

Gustafson, J. (1988). Varieties of moral discourse: Prophetic, narrative, ethical, and policy [Lecture]. Calvin College and Seminary.

Holbert, J. C. (1981). “Deliverance belongs to Yahweh!”: Satire in the book of Jonah. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, 6(21), 59-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/030908928100602103.

Hyers, M. C. (1969). The dialectic of the sacred and the comic. In M. C. Hyers (Ed.), Holy laughter: Essays on religion in the comic perspective. Seabury Press.

Hyers, C. 1987. And God created laughter: The Bible as divine comedy. John Knox.

Jimmy Kimmel Live (2022, May 26). Jimmy Kimmel on elementary school shooting in

Uvalde, Texas [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OF_GofUF_y4.

Jimmy Kimmel Live (2022, May 27). Ted Cruz vows to stop gun violence by abolishing doors & more terrible ideas from terrible leaders [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xO2VQoxlKqk.

Jonathan Pie (2021, December 14). Jonathan Pie: The world’s end [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5s3RLl_xq7M&t=475s.

Jorider (2022, September 29). The prophetic paintings of Roy Lichtenstein. Felt Magnet, https://feltmagnet.com/painting/The-Prophetic-Paintings-of-Roy-Lichtenstein.

Kaylor, B. T. (2011). Modern Hebrew prophets? The Daily Show and religious satire. In T. Goodnow, (Ed.), The Daily Show and rhetoric: Arguments, issues, and strategies (pp. 207-220). Lexington Books.

Kelsey, M. (2020). The book of Jonah and the theme of exile. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, 45(1), 128–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309089219864607.

Kgatle, M. S. (2018). The prophetic voice of the South African Council of Churches: A weak voice in post-1994 South Africa. HTS Theological Studies, 74(1), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v74i1.5153.

Koivukoski, J., & Ödmark, S. (2020). Producing Journalistic News Satire. Journalism Studies, 21(6), 731–747. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1720522.

Koopman, N. (2012). A prophet for dignity? A theological perspective. Tydskrif vir Letterkunde, 49(1), 131-141. https://doi.org/10.4314/tvl.v49i1.10.

Last Week Tonight (2022, June 6). School police: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgwqQGvYt0g&t=3s.

Lichtenstein, D., Nitsch, C., & Wagner, A. J. M. (2021). Jokers or journalists? Journalism Studies, 22(13), 1756–1774. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1952476.

Lindvall, T. (2015). God mocks. A history of religious satire from the Hebrew prophets to Stephen Colbert. New York University Press.

Marra, J. (2018). Make comedy matter: Ernst Cassirer on the politics and morality of humour. The European Journal of Humour Research, 6(1), 162-171. https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2018.6.1.marra.

Mathews, J. (2010, September 1-5). Prophets performing as public theologians [Paper]. 2010 Global Network for Public Theology Triennial Consultation, Charles Sturt University, Australia. https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/ws.

McCreary, B. J. (2014). Five Filthy Words: Offensive Language and Primetime Television. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Indiana University of Pennsylvania.

McDade, S. (2021). Prophetic reckoning: A remnant of charismatic leaders are trying to revive their movement from within. Christianity Today, 65(5), 56-61.

McKenzie, S. L. (2005). How to read the Bible: History, prophecy, literature – Why modern readers need to know the difference, and what it means for faith today. Oxford University Press.

McMickle, M. A. (2005). Where have all the prophets gone? Ashland Theological Journal, 37(1), 7–18.

Miles, J. A. (1975). Laughing at the Bible: Jonah as parody. The Jewish Quarterly Review, 65(3), 168-181. https://doi.org/10.2307/1454356.

Morreall, J. (1999). Comedy, tragedy, and religion. State University of New York Press.

Musa, P. F. (2018, June 28). Because we know God’s voice (John 10:4) [Address]. Lutheran World Federation Council, Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.lutheranworld.org/resources/document-council-2018-documents.

Nel, M. (2019). Profesie in die Hebreeuse Bybel, die vroeë Christendom en eietydse Pinksterkerke: ’n Vraag oor kontinuïteit en diskontinuïteit. LitNet Akademies (Godsdienswetenskappe), 14(3). http://hdl.handle.net/10394/28446.

New World Encyclopedia. (2022). Satire. New World Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 26, 2022, from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Satire&oldid=1091871.

Nicolaï, J., Maeseele, P., & Boukes, M. (2022). The “humoralist” as journalistic jammer: Zondag met Lubach and the discursive construction of investigative comedy. Journalism Studies, 23(16), 2057-2077. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2138948.

Nogalski, J. D. (2011). The Book of the Twelve: Hosea-Jonah. Smyth & Helwys Publishing.

Ödmark, S., & Harvard, J. (2021). The democratic roles of satirists. Popular Communication, 19(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2021.1929995.

Park-Ozee, D. (2019). Satire: An explication. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 32(4), 585–604. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2018-0009.

Patterson, R. D. (2007). Prophetic satire as vehicle for ethical instruction. Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, 50(1), 47-69.

Ramantswana, H. (2019). Prophets praying for, or preying on people’s faith: A reflection on

prophetic ministry in the South African context. In die Skriflig/In Luce Verbi, 53(4), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ids.v53i4.2495.

Ryken, L. (1987). Words of delight: A literary introduction to the New Testament. Baker.

Ryken, L., Wilhoit, J. C., & Longman III, T. (Eds.). (1998). Satire. Dictionary of Biblical Imagery (pp. 2561-2563). Inter Varsity Press.

Sarras, N. (2015). A Palestinian feminist reading of the book of Jonah. Journal of Lutheran Ethics, 15(8). https://www.elca.org/JLE/Articles/1112.

Schäder, J. (2016). A literary-exegetical and social-scientific analysis of the book of Jonah: An exposition of its ancient social values. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Pretoria.

Schellenberg, A. (2015). An Anti-Prophet among the prophets? On the relationship of Jonah to prophecy. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, 39(3), 353-371. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309089215577593.

Schweizer, B. (2020). Christianity and the triumph of humour. From Dante to David Javerbaum. Routledge.

Searle, J. T. (2020). Prophecy, protest and public theology: The relevance of Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s prophetic mandate in today’s post-truth world. Journal of European Baptist Studies, 20(2), 102-112. https://doi.org/10.25782/jebs.v20i2.318.

Sharp, C. J. (2009). Irony and Meaning in the Hebrew Bible. Indiana University Press.

Sherwood, Y. (1998). Cross-currents in the book of Jonah: Some Jewish and cultural midrashim on a traditional text. Biblical Interpretation, 6(1), 49-76. https://doi.org/10.1163/156851598X00228.

Sherwood, Y. (2006). Editorial: Prophetic performance art. The Bible and critical theory, 2(1), 01.1-01.4. https://doi.org/10.2104/bc060001.

Spangenberg, I. J. J. (1996). Jonah and Qohelet: Satire versus irony. Old Testament Essays, 9(3), 495-511.

Spangenberg, I. J. J. (2002). Perspectives on the Bible. Protea Book House.

Spangenberg, I. J. J. (2004). Joodse narratiewe van die Persiese tydvak: Ideologie? HTS Theological Studies, 60(3), 791-813. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v60i3.603.

Spangenberg, I. J. J. (2013). Reading the Old Testament in the 21st century using the book of Jonah as reference. Verbum et Ecclesia, 34(2), 1-7. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC141533.

Storrar, W. (2007). 2007: A kairos moment for public theology. International Journal of Public Theology, 1(1), 5-25. https://doi.org/10.1163/156973207X194457.

The Daily Show (2022, May 27). Jordan Klepper debunks the “good guy with a gun” argument [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHuA0BEsUzI&t=127s.

The Daily Show (2022, June 1). Debunking conservatives’ excuses for gun violence [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-sD_1UOn0w&t=113s.

The Daily Show (2022, June 3). America’s door problem & what foreigners think about the U.S.’s mass shootings [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4nn7j0eKbY.

The Juice Media (2022, March 17). Honest government ad: The floods [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvFy2TuPDaw.

The Juice Media (2022, April 10). Honest government ad: Carbon credits & offsets [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCRDseUEEsg.

The Juice Media (2022, November 15). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Juice_Media.

Tisdale, L. T., & De Wet, F. W. (2010). Contemporary prophetic preaching theory in the

United States of America and South Africa: A comparative study through the lens of shared Reformation roots. HTS Theological Studies, 70(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4102/HTS.V7012.1337.

Van Aarde, A. G. (2008). What is “theology” in “public theology” and what is “public” about

“public theology”? HTS Theological Studies, 64(3), 1213-1234. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v64i3.81.

Van Heerden, W. (1992). Humour and the interpretation of the book of Jonah. Old Testament Essays, 5(3), 389-401. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA10109919_452.

Verkuyl, J. (1978). Contemporary missiology: An introduction. W. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.

Vingerhoets, J. J. M., Bylsma, L. M., & De Vlam, C. (2013). Swearing: A biopsychosocial perspective. Psychological Topics, 22(2), 287-304. Doi: 2013-35574-008.

Vosloo, R. (2019). Prophetic witness in weakness. In die Skriflig/In Luce Verbi, 53(4), 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ids.v53i4.2400.

Wallis, J. (2009, July). The Truth smirks. Sojourners. https://sojo.net/magazine/july-2009/truth-smirks.

Whedbee, J. W. (1998). Jonah as a joke: A comedy of contradiction, caricature, and compassion. In J. W. Whedbee (Ed.), The Bible and the comic vision. Cambridge University Press.