The European Journal of Humour Research

Vol 11, No 2 (2023)

Creative uses of language to invoke sex-related taboos in Churchill Raw comedy shows

Simon Wanjala Nganga

Abstract

Churchill Raw event facilitates creative self-expression of young comedians through the incorporation of a variety of sex-related taboo topics. Yet, the multicultural nature of the participants in the Nairobi-based event makes the communication of such topics particularly problematic, as they can also be deemed offensive. Drawing on theoretical and methodological principles from Interactional Sociolinguistics (Gumperz, 2003), this article investigates how sex-related taboos are drawn into performances using euphemistic linguistic resources, such as puns, metaphors, metonymy, codeswitching and so on. As data we use 10 video recordings of comedians and 2 two-hour interviews with the key comedians. By focusing on situated uses of euphemistic language in the context of comedy in the African city of Nairobi, this article demonstrates that contrary to the general perception, young people observe sex-related taboos by using euphemistic language resources.

References

Agyekum, K. (2002). Menstruation as a verbal taboo among the Akan of Ghana. Journal of

Anthropological Research, 58(3), 367-387.

Allan, K., & Burridge, K. (2006). Forbidden words: Taboo and the censoring of language. Cambridge University Press.

Batibo, H., & Kopi, M. (2008). The nature and origin of sex-related euphemisms in Setswana’. Marang: Journal of Language and Literature 18(1), 69-84. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA18167659_57.

Black, S. (2012). Laughing to death: Joking as support amid stigma for Zulu-speaking South Africans living with HIV. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 22(1), 87-108.

Boxer, F., & Cortes-Conde, F. (1997). From bonding to biting: Conversational joking and identity display’. Journal of Pragmatics, 27, 275-294.

Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1978). Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. In E. Goody (Ed.), Questions and politeness: Strategies in social interaction. (pp. 56-311). Cambridge University Press.

Burridge, K. (2006). Blooming English: Observations on the roots, cultivation and hybrids of the English language. Cambridge University Press.

Dynel, M. (2009). Beyond a joke: Types of conversational humour. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3(5), 1284-1299.

Dominguez, P., & Benedito, F. (2000). Lo que nunca se aprendio en clase. Eufemismos y Disfemismos en el lenguaje erotico ingles. Comares.

Duda, B. (2011). Euphemisms and dysphemisms: In search of a boundary line. Circulo de Linguistica Aplicada a la Comunicacion, 45, 3-19. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_

CLAC.2011.v45.1.

Embleton, L., Braitstein, P., Di Ruggiero, E. Oduor, C., & Waudo, Y. (2023). Sexual and reproductive health service utilization among adolescent girls in Kenya: A cross-sectional analysis. PLOs Glob Public Health, 3(2): e001508.

Fernández, E. (2008). Sex-related euphemism and dysphemism: An analysis in terms of conceptual metaphor theory. Revista de La Asociación Espa Nola de Estudios Anglo-Norteamericanos, 30, 95–110.

Fernández, E. (2010). Euphemistic strategies in politeness and face concerns. Pragmalingüística, 13, 77-86. https://doi.org/10.25267/Pragmalinguistica.2017.i25

Frentiu, L. (2020). Translating euphemisms in an audio-visual medium: The case of stand-up comedy. Romanian Journal of English Studies, 17(1), 63-73.

Gathigia, M. (2010). A cognitive linguistic approach in the study of euphemisms in Gĩkũyũ. [Masters diss., Kenyatta University, Nairobi].

Giorgadze, M. (2018). Linguistic features of pun, its typology and classification. European Scientific Journal, 2, 271-275. https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/4819.

Gomez, M. (2012). The expressive creativity of euphemism and dysphemism. Lexis, 7, Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4000/lexis.349.

Gumperz, J. (2003). Interactional sociolinguistics: A personal perspective’. In D. Schiffrin D. Tannen & H. Hamilton (Eds.) The handbook of discourse analysis. Blackwell.

Husien, A., & Kebede, O. (2017). The conception of morality in indigenous African culture. International Journal of English Literature and Culture, 5(3), 57-64.

Jay, T. (2000). Why we curse: A neuro- psycho-social theory of speech. John Benjamins.

Kikongo, J. (2002). The concept of ethics in African traditional thought”. Addis Ababa University Press.

Kivuti, S. (2017). Reconstruction of Kenyan identities in Churchill Show jokes. [Master’s diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison].

Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. Longman.

Lumasia, P. (2022). Sex humour: Purveyor of sex mores and power matrices. In I. Chukwumah (Ed). Sexual humour in Africa: Gender, jokes and societal change (pp. 23-37). Taylor and Francis.

Lumasia, P. (2021). Churchill Show: Transgressing language codes and upsetting stereotypes. Tydskrif Vir Letterkunde, 58(1),107-117. https://doi.org/10.17159/tl.v58i1.8256.

McCarthy, M., & Carter, R. (2004). There’s millions of them: Hyperbole in everyday conversation. Journal of Pragmatics, 36, 149-184.

Michieka, M., & Muaka, L. (2016). Humour in Kenyan comedy. In D. Payne, S. Pachiarotti & B. Mokaya (Eds.), Diversity in African Languages (pp. 559-576). Language Science Press.

Mudhovozi, P., Ramarumo, M., & Sodi, T. (2016). Adolescent sexuality and culture: South African mother’s Perspective. African Sociological Review, 16(2), 119-138.

Müller, R. (2015). A metaphorical perspective on humour’. In G. Brone, K. Feyaerts & T. Veale (Eds.) Cognitive linguistics and humour research (pp. 111-128). De Gruyter

Mulindi, K., & Ndonye M. (2015). Ideological undertones of mediatized comedy in the Churchill Comedy of Kenya. In I. Chukwumah (Ed.) Joke-Performance in Africa, Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315162669-15.

Muthoni, G. (2015). Discursive construction of humour in Churchill Live stand-up comedy television show, Kenya. [Masters diss, Egerton University].

Ndhlovu, K., & Botha, R. (2017). Euphemism vs explicitness: A corpus-based analysis of translated taboo words from English to Zimbabwean Ndebele, South African Journal of African Languages, 37(2), 235-243.

Ndonye, M. (2015). Implications of televised comedy from Churchill Live show on ethnic relations in Kenya’, Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(3A), 605-611.

Ngina, M. (2012). Code-mixing in verbal humour in stand-up comedy: A case study of selected Chipukeezy’s performances in Churchill Show. [Masters diss., University of Nairobi, Nairobi].

Okechi, O. (2018). The indigenous concept of sexuality in African tradition and globalization. The Global Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 6(1), 555676. 10.19080/GJORM.2018.06.555676.

Ogechi, N. (2005). The language of sex and HIV/AIDS among university students in Kenya. Stichproben: Wiener Zeitschrift für kritische Afrikanstudien 9,(5), 123-149.

Oruka, H. (1990). Ethics; a basic course for undergraduate studies. Nairobi University Press.

Orwenjo, D., & Anudo, C. (2017). A cognitive linguistic approach to Dholuo euphemisms and dysphemisms. Cognitive Linguistic Studies, 3(2), 317-347.

Rinaldi, F. (2020) Beyond modernity and tradition: Digital spaces for sexuality education in Kenya, [Masters diss., Dalarna University].

Thompson, K. (2011). Zanzibari women’s discursive and sexual agency: Violating gendered speech prohibitions through talk about supernatural sex’. Discourse & Society, 22(1), 3-20.

Trinch, S. (2001). Managing euphemism and transcending taboos: Negotiating the meaning of sexual assault in Latinas narratives of domestic violence. Text: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse, 21(4), 567–610.

Udokang, E. (2014). Traditional ethics and social order: A study in African philosophy. Cross-Cultural Communication, 10(6), 266-270.

Van der Walt, B. (2003). Morality in Africa: Yesterday and today. The reasons for the contemporary crisis’. Skriflig, 37(1), 51-72. https://doi.org/10.4102/ids.v37i1.458.

Wanjala, J. (2012) Kenyans clash in the debate to bring sex education into schools. Global

Press Journal. September 10, Retrieved from https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/kenya/kenyans-clash-in-debate-to-bring-sex-education-into-schools/.

Yildiz, F. (2021). Use of euphemisms in youth language. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(2), 1117-1128.